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Factor 3
The most influential factor is corrosion. Due to the limited penetration depth of the primary and secondary x-ray signal, the signal reaching the detector from a corroded archaeological sample is a combination of the corrosion layer and the metal matrix, depending on corrosion thickness.
Interpreting Archaeological XRF Data 2
Factor 4 Surface Treatment
The surface of a copper alloy artefact may be altered e.g. By surface enrichment, dipping or plating, surface depletion. The commonest is dipping, e.g. applying a silver or tin surface to an artefact to change its visual appearance. Due to depth penetration of the primary and secondary beams the thickness of the surface layer will make a contribution to the detected signal.